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Biological pest control is a way of controlling pests like insects and fleas by using other organisms.8 It depends on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management function. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest that are bred in the lab and released into the environment.

Ideally, the released organism will breed and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .

For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10

Mechanical pest control is using hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and apparatus, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This is referred to as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control in addition to being useful for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are very destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and perennial cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.

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Crop rotation can help control pests by depriving them of their host plants. It's an important strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95%.12

A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts insects, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 But trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to price effectively reduce insect densities on large industrial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to disperse back into the main area.14.

Pesticides are applied to crops by aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. However, effective control by pesticides is not easy; the right formulation has to be chosen, the timing is often critical, the procedure of application is important, adequate coverage and retention on the harvest are necessary.

This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of pests and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and such co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to grow improved crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to insect damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides might be detrimental in the longer term.15.

The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism that manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this manner, a number of the very serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.

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Pesticides are formulated to kill pests, but many have detrimental effects on non-target species; of specific concern is the damage done to honey-bees, solitary bees and other pollinating insects and in this respect, the time of day when the spray is applied can be important.17 The widely used neonicotinoids have been banned on flowering crops in certain countries because of their effects on bees.17 Some pesticides may cause cancer and other health problems in humans, in Addition to being harmful to wildlife.18 There can be serious effects promptly after exposure or chronic consequences after continuous non invasive, or occasional exposure.19 Maximum residue limits for pesticidesIn foodstuffs and animal feed are set by many nations.20.

Forest pests present a significant issue because it's not easy to access the canopy and monitor pest populations. In addition, forestry pests such as bark beetles, kept under control by natural enemies in their native range, might be transported large distances in cut lumber to areas in which they have no natural predators, enabling them to cause extensive economic damage.21 Pheromone traps have been used to monitor pest populations in the canopy.

Pheromone traps can detect the birth of fleas or alert foresters to outbreaks. For instance, the spruce budworm, a destructive pest of spruce and balsam fir, has been monitored using pheromone traps in Canadian click forests for many decades.22 In some regions, such as New Brunswick, areas of forest are sprayed with pesticide to control the budworm population and prevent the damage generated during outbreaks.23.

Many unwelcome animals and their house create or visit in residential buildings, industrial sites and urban places. Some contaminate foodstuffs, damage timbers, chew through cloths or infest kept products. Some inflict great economic loss, others carry diseases or cause fire dangers, and a few are just a nuisance. Control of these pests has been attempted by improving sanitation and trash control, modifying the habitat, and using repellents, growth regulators, traps, baits and pesticides.